The Rise of Napoleon - 2810 Words

US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE The Army School System (TASS) US Army Command and General Staff School Command and General Staff Officer Course (CGSOC) Common Core H100: Rise of the Western Way of War Parallel Block H104: Armies of the People and the Birth of Modern Operational Art Reading H104RA The Rise of Napoleon by Thomas M. Huber Most of what we think of as modern military organization emerged in a paroxysm of conflict that rocked western Europe for twenty-four years from 1792 to 1815: the Napoleonic Wars. Some of the features of modern warfare were already present in Frederick the Great’s day—standing professional armies, an educated officer corps, modern ranks, and standardized regimental formations funded by the†¦show more content†¦The upshot was that Napoleon could control seven corps on the field more easily than Frederick could control one. Napoleon, invading Russia in 1812, added one more echelon, the army group, whereby one commander controlled a half million troops. Formations of this scale would only rarely be exceeded in modern times. When they have been exceeded, in Russia in 1941 to 1945 for example, this has happened through each side merely adding an echelon or two, but still relying on essentially the same Napoleonic principles of self-sufficient, multi-echelon organization. Multi-echelon strategic organization, something we take for granted in modern armies, emerged rapidly between 1789 and 1815. In its basic concept at least modern military organization has not changed much. Some other major institutional innovations were adopted by modern ground forces between 1815 and 1914, namely the general staff, the hierarchy of professional military schools, and the short-service rotational training army. These remarkable inventions, too, first were developed between 1789 and 1815, not by the French but by the Prussian army as it tried to cope with the enormity of the French challenge. Basic modern military organization at the company level and above was invented between 1789 and 1815 and has not changed fundamentallyShow MoreRelatedNapoleon s Rise Of Power1764 Words   |  8 Pages Napoleon’s Rise to Power Jack Knickrehm AP euro period 6 February 22, 2017 Hailed as one of the greatest rulers, military commanders and conquerors in the history of mankind, Napoleon Bonaparte transformed a continent, and made himself a household name and a universally admired icon, even two centuries later. As a French political leader and militaryRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Rise Of Napoleon1806 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigation explores the question: How did Napoleon Bonaparte gain power and what improvements did he create in France during his reign? During Napoleon’s reign, he had made changes to the education system along with the changes he made in the French government. This investigation focuses on the post-French Revolution period and Napoleon’s rise to power. An evaluation of the first source will be on John C. Davenport’s The French Revolution and the Rise of Napoleon, published in 2011. The origin of thisRead MoreRise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power consisted of many mistakes, wrong turns, and pitfalls, yet he managed to become head of the most powerful country in Europe at the age of thirty. During his formative years, his character was ambiguous and his intensions were often ill defined. He was, however, highly ambitious, and it was this that advanced his career and social status (Asprey). His most important and consistent aim was to create a French Empire and establish French dominance over Europe, whichRead MoreHow Far Does Luck Explain the Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte?3147 Words   |  13 PagesHow far does luck explain the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte? Napoleon Bonaparte like many others rose to prominence during the turbulent times of the French revolution- he was therefore lucky to have been born at such a time in to justify his advancing position. However his reputation as a skilled tactician and strategist enabled him to initially capitalize on the reforms of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as an important figure forRead MoreThe Weaknesses of the Directory Was the Main Reason for Napoleons Rise to Power1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe weaknesses of the directory was the main reason for Napoleons rise to power. Napoleon Bonaparte rose to the position of the most powerful man in France by the end of 1799. This occurred after the Coup of Brumaire during the 18/19th Brumaire of year 8, where Sieyà ¨s and Ducos, two directors, attempted to use Napoleon to overthrow the current government in order to create a new, better constitution. Napoleon, after making a speech to the council of ancients, then attempted to challenge theRead MoreThe Role of Propaganda in Animal Farm1255 Words   |  6 PagesRevolution, Orwell portrays the rise of a cruel dictatorship and the mistreatment of the general population under it. Like the Communist government in Russia, the government in Animal Farm employs the use of many manipulative tools, especially propaganda. Propaganda was used by the pigs throughout the book, deceiving many of the animals. As this story shows, propaganda can enable governments to bend people to any purpose. By spreading positive messages about Napoleon, persuading the animals thatRead MoreThe Importance Of The French Revolution777 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution was certainly one of the most important events in Europe’s political history and highlighted the importance of the new age of Enlightenment. The outcomes of the Revolution were many: its short comings led to the rise of the Napoleonic Regime and Robespierre’s reign through terror led other European revolutionaries to step back in fear. However, whilst the revolution failed to achieve all it had aimed to do; it did overthrow its monarchy, creating the first true European RepublicRead MoreGeorge Orwell‚Äà ´s Animal Farm: The Rise of Communism1207 Words   |  5 PagesOrwell effectively conveys the rise of communism in Russia throughout the book Animal Farm by the accurate elucidation of the context in the Soviet Union from 1917-1945. Orwell’s attitude and political view towards Russia is evident in his representation of the farm animals on Communist Party leader s: Napoleon and Snowball, for example, are figurations of Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky, respectively. He expresses the anthropomorphic characters of farm animals, and major events in Animal Farm suchRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte has been called a hero by some and a villain by many others. He was the First Consul of France, then the emperor of France, and finally an outlaw. Napoleon had a meteoric rise to power in the late 18th century, and lasted to the early 19th century. He was able to rise to power through his great military victories and he was able to keep his power by fending off enemies in wars and with some reforms. Napoleon started his life good, but different than many French rulers. NapoleonRead MoreCauses Of The French Revolution911 Words   |  4 PagesThe French Revolution was a major turning point in all of European history. The old regime was destroyed and a new order came to be. We will talk about the causes of the revolution, when it ended, and if it was violent, Napoleon, what happened after his defeat, and some other leaders, and movies I have seen about the Revolution and how they were correct, plus other things I want to learn. The immediate cause of the French Revolution in 1789 was the near collapse of the French budget. On the

Birth Order Free Essays

This paper ought to review and study the possible connection between child order and personality, with respect to the theory as proposed by Alfred Adler. The paper would take a look at what the theory is all about and whether there are enough evidence that could support Adler’s claim. Alfred Adler has been one of the pioneers of psychoanalysis, although he ventured away from some of Sigmund Freud’s theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Birth Order or any similar topic only for you Order Now    It was due to their difference in ideas and contextual analysis that the separation from the Psychoanalytic school happened.   Adler created his own school of psychology which he called â€Å"Individual Psychology†. In this group, the concern focused on the so-called inferiority complex that humans possess (Ansbacher, 1964). With respect to Adler’s theory, humans are originally weak and helpless. Humans are born without knowledge and must always be guided by those who are â€Å"superior† or by someone who is older (Ansbacher, 1964). Because of this, children strive to learn further and try in every way to exceed or at least achieve the same level as those people whom they perceive to be superior to them. This is what Adler speculated as the â€Å"inferiority complex†, the driving force that fuels a human’s emotions, actions and reasons (Mosak, 1999). According to Adler those people who strive to become the best or those who try in every way to succeed are people who have very high inferiority complex, while those who are easy-going are more likely less affected by the inferiority complex (Mosak, 1999). However, a very strong inferiority complex might also have a negative effect on a particular person, most specifically when the person has failed in most of his/her endeavors. These experiences might leave the person feeling wrecked, hopeless and unmotivated to strive towards future goals because of the overwhelming failure that the person has encountered. Adler supported Freud’s hypothesis concerning the effects of parenting styles on the life of the person. Adler hypothesized that there are two parenting styles, pampering and neglect, which affect the life of adult person. Pampering would be the process in which the parent gives too much attention to the child and protects the child, so that the child is presented with an ideal world.   This does not help the child develop into a full social individual. Due to this kind of treatment, the child might develop a severe inferiority complex and might be shocked when faced with the realities of life on their own. (Drescher Stone, 2004)   The child might not be able to perform well on his/her own because he/she was used to the experience of having his/her parents on his/her side whenever problems arose. Also the child would be doubtful not only of his/her abilities but also of the decisions that he/she makes. With regards to the neglectful parenting style, the child is said to be exposed to all the extremes and problems that the world can offer.   Since the child was left alone, he/she might be force to struggle on his/her own which leads to his/her mistrust to the people around him/her.   Because of this, the child reared under a neglectful parenting style finds it very hard to create or build relationships with other people especially with his/her peers. (MacDonald, 1971) Therefore, Alfred Adler believed that parents shall make sure that the child was protected from the evils of the world at the same time the parents are obligated to present to the child the harsh realities of life. (Stein, 2007) Simply put, the child must be protected but that does not mean that the parent would deny them the knowledge and opportunity of knowing how to solve problems independently. Aside from parenting, another aspect that greatly affects a child’s performance in his lifetime according to Adler is his/her birth order. Indeed, this assumption has since garnered criticism and support from psychologists and social scientists. According to this â€Å"theory†, the birth order of the child determines how he views himself as a person with respect to how the child is treated in his family. It is also the factor which is responsible for the behavior and personality of the person in his adult life. (Stein, 2007) The Firstborn: According to Adler’s theory, the firstborn of the family is treated with outmost care and spoiled before the other siblings arrived. The situation for this child starts out with excited parents and the child usually has everything he/she needs. When the younger sibling is conceived there is a sudden shift of attention of the parents. The new baby now receives more attention that the firstborn child. Thus the firstborn, in Adler’s theory, tries his/her best to regain this attention. The child desperately seeks the return of his/her parents’ full love and interest. (Stein, 2007) Most firstborns feel dethroned by their younger siblings because they now have to share everything with the next child; thus, a firstborn learns to share. Also, the firstborn are given more responsibility than the other children, since they are the eldest; this could cause them to develop an authoritarian persona. (Mosak, 1999)   The parents’ expectations for the firstborn are usually very high; they are pushed into the situation of being responsible and setting an example for their younger siblings. These experiences might led the first born child to develop the qualities of a good leader, although usually firstborn children have lower self confidence than other children. (Stein, 2007) The Middleborn: Middle children do not encounter the same expectations and are not spoiled as the firstborn; however, they still get a portion of the attention that the firstborn child enjoys. What makes being the middle child interesting is that they not only experience a drive to be superior to the first child, but also must compete for attention and status among the younger siblings. These experiences could cause inferiority with reference to their older siblings but superiority with reference to their younger siblings. (Stein, 2007) How to cite Birth Order, Papers

Factors Empirical Findings World Markets - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Factors Empirical Findings World Markets? Answer: Introducation A concept which is used for receiving financial gain that is generally positioned on a service or product and offered to people in return for money is known as a Business Idea. The base of a pyramid is an idea of the business. The characteristics of an effective and strong business idea are: Unique and Innovative. The idea is about a perfume brand i.e. Neoteric which is going to be placed in the market of Australia. The managers of the company are planning to place the office in Melbourne, Australia. Mr. Chris is the one who provided this idea of the product; he is the part of companys marketing team and going to lead this project. Neoteric perfume is the combination of vital oils of fragrance or compounds of aroma, solvents, and fixative used to provide the body of human, animals, objects, food and living spaces, a delightful scent. The company of Neoteric Perfume is providing different options to its customers in terms of fragrance, along with this the perfume can be used by men, w omen and also for youth. Benefits of Using Neoteric perfume This benefit is quite understandable. Perfume has been used from ancient time and the key aim of using it was for fragrance (Ameya, 2017). Neoteric perfume will help people in keeping the uninvited smell of body away and confirms that the user always feel fresh and they smell good whole day. Enhances Mood The major benefit of using Neoteric perfume is that it will help in enhancing the mood of the user (Neesh, 2016). Neoteric Perfume is providing various fragrance options which make the user to buy the product according to their mood. In every condition whether the user is feeling reserved, mischievous, playful, or timid the Neoteric perfume provides many smells options for different moods. The customer can choose and apply the perfume according to the event so that he/she can create the perfect mood for it (Eula, 2013). Boosts Confidence Same as a pretty dress, a soothing smell of a perfume can boost the confidence of the user and confirms that the user can spend his/her day without feeling uncomfortable about the smell of the body (Nik, 2018). A splash of fragrance can do wonders for the user's personality. In order to have a soothing and attractive body smell people can choose Neoteric Perfume as it will suit the personality of each user and will also increase the confidence and morale to battle against all the unwanted smell. Mission of Neoteric Perfume The Mission of Neoteric Perfume is to become the leading brand of perfume in the world, by meeting the preferences and taste of their customers and providing them different fragrances. Product Offering The Neoteric Perfume will offer a variety of fragrances to its customer so that they can use it according to their mood and occasion. The variety of fragrances provided by the perfume is Citrus, Oceanic, Floral, Green, Spicy, Woody, Fruity, and Oriental. The perfume is focused towards providing the quality to its customers so that they can become the loyal customers of the company. Along with this, all the varieties offered by neoteric Perfume are very gentle to the skin which does not have any side effects on the skin (Kynaston, 2015). The services of the perfume will be offered in the local market of Australia but the management has also planned to place the product on online shopping sites such as David Jones, Myer, etc. in order to offer products easily to the customers. Market Analysis An assessment of determining how much a market is suitable for a particular industry is known as Marketing Analysis. It can be used to evaluate the present market of the company or can evaluate the new markets. A well-rounded and holistic picture is provided to the company by market analysis that helps in identifying interest and wants of the customers. There are various evaluation tools involved in the components of analysis, comprising a conversation of the company and its position in the market. It also helps in examining the target market, cultural and legal regulations, and conducting competitive analysis. Industry Analysis The products like perfume, cosmetics, toiletries, lotion, deodorants are manufactured by toiletries and perfume manufacturing industry. This industry is very small it covers less than 5% of Chemical product manufacturing companies in Australia. The degree of globalization is high in this industry, which reflects the governing position is covered by the beauty brands sector. Various products of perfumes and cosmetics are imported as packed and fully formulated products. The estimation of the imports in 2017-2018 is projected as the total $1.9 billion, which will be able to satisfy 70% of the local demand and emphasizing the strong role of the imports in the industry (IBIS World, 2017). Industry Threats and Opportunities The performance of the industry has been determined by the strong growth of export from last five years. The positive image of the industry in overseas market has increased the rates of export from last five years. The environmentally friendly, organic and natural products development will increase the demand. Competition Industry obstacles to entry are reasonable. Manufactures which are established previously with popular and important resources of promotion have a benefit when challenging for the downstream retail projection space. Their governance can act as a considerable difficulty for prospective applicants wanting to participate in the huge market. Most of the established toiletries and cosmetics market is of saturated nature and act as a hurdle and have less scope for new business or applicants with new products. The Neoteric Perfume can face huge competition from the companies like Aesop, Art of Man, Australis, David Jones, Evocative Perfumes, Jessica Mauboy, etc. Australias Online Cosmetics and Perfume Sales The industry of Cosmetic and perfumes sales has reflected a growth from last five years, mainly because of the increasing trend of online shopping in Australia. Buyers are getting more comfortable and clever with online shopping; mainly as platforms of online shopping become extra user-friendly and safe. Cosmetics and Perfume are well-matched to the online shopping because they are packed goods that users normally trust and know. The revenue of the Industry is anticipated to rise by a 14.1% over the five years by 2016-2017, to attain $297.4 million. As shopping through the online medium has now commissioned into a range of demographics of the market, its acceptance is increasing, which is predicted to result in the extra passive progress of 5.1% over 2016-2017 (IBIS World, 2017). Primary Target Market The primary target market of Neoteric Perfume in Australia is the women and along with them they will target men and youth. Those women's lie under the age group of 14 to 24 in Australia is considered as the highest payers on perfume. Perfume is now affordable and available at every place from chemist's to online retailers, supermarkets, and discount stores. In Australia, approx. 11 percent of women lie under the age group of 14 and up purchase perfume in an average of four weeks, but from them, women's under 25 covers the highest share. According to the recent findings of Roy Morgan Research reflected that the women of age group 14 to 24, out of them 18 percent of women are those who purchase perfume in an average period of four week and women who lie under the age group of 50 to 64 cover 10 percent. The women percentage from the age groups of 25 to 34, 35 to 49 and 65 plus who bought perfumes of women in given four weeks was equally steady, hovering nearby the 9 percent mark. Along with this, the Neoteric Perfume will be focusing towards men and youth who use perfume while going offices or out of their residence (Inside Retail, 2015). Marketing Mix A set of tactics or actions, that organization uses in order to advertise or promote its product or service in the market is known as Marketing Mix (The Economic Times, 2018). 4ps make a marketing mix strategy- Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. Though, currently, the marketing mix strategy progressively comprises numerous other Ps like People, Packaging, Politics, and Positioning as important mix elements. In other words, the definition of the marketing mix is very simple. It is about placing the correct product or a mixture thereof in the place, at the correct time, and at the correct price. Product An item created for selling and for satisfying the needs of the customers is known as a product (Mars, 2014). The product may be tangible or intangible because it can be in the goods and services forms (Marketing Mix, 2018). The company needs to confirm that they should provide the correct product which can fulfil the demand of the customer, at correct time and place (50MINUTES, 2015). Neoteric Perfume will be having its manufacturing unit in Melbourne, Australia, where they are planning to offer their products to the local people. The perfume is having different types of fragrance options for its customers living within the boundary of Australia. The major target market of Neoteric Perfume women but along with them the company also offers perfumes for men and youth. Place Distribution and Placement of the product is a very vital part of the marketing mix. The company needs to place the product properly in correct place so that the targeted customers can reach there easily and buy the products. This can be done by understanding the target market deeply. If the business will understand the target market from the inside then they will be able to identify the most competitive place and delivery channels that straight talk with the target market (Richter, 2012). The Neoteric Perfume will place its product in the Australia market by opening its own stores and they will also offer its products online with the help of an online shopping website. The company can use both direct and indirect distribution channel. The company will select direct distribution channel for selling the products in its own stores and will select indirect distribution for supplying the products to the office of online shopping website. Price The product's price is mainly the amount of money that a customer is ready to pay in exchange for the product. Price element of the marketing mix is very important. It is considered as a vital component of the marketing plan as it defines company's survival and profit (Kemmer and Boden, 2012). Amending the product's price has a huge influence on the whole marketing strategy as well as significantly disturbing the demand and sales of the product (Codita, 2011). The prices range of the Neoteric Perfume is $99 to $381. This is the affordable price for the customers of Australia and reasonable as compared to other competitors present in the market. Promotion The important element of marketing is a promotion because it helps in increasing the recognition of brand and sales. Promotion is consisting of numerous elements like Advertising, Sales organization, Public Relations and Sales Promotion (Wenderoth, 2009). Neoteric Perfume can opt to advertise its product by Television advertisement, Posters, Pamphlets, and hoardings. Financial Plan Australia Neoteric Perfume Profit Loss Statement Amount ($) 2018 2019 2020 Sales $3,50,000 $6,00,000 $7,50,000 Miscellaneous income $0 $60,000 $75,000 A. Total $3,50,000 $6,60,000 $8,25,000 B. Cost of Sales $2,27,500 $3,90,000 $4,87,500 C. Gross Profit (A-B) $1,22,500 $2,70,000 $3,37,500 D. Operating Expenses Salary $1,00,000 $1,10,000 $1,21,000 Rent $5,000 $5,500 $6,050 Utilities $1,000 $1,100 $1,210 Insurance $300 $330 $363 Depreciation $2,000 $2,200 $2,420 Marketing $5,000 $5,500 $6,050 Maintenance Repairs $500 $550 $605 Other $120 $132 $145 Total $1,13,920 $1,25,312 $1,37,843 Operating profit $8,580 $1,44,688 $1,99,657 Less: Interest $10,000 $12,000 $15,000 Profit before tax -$1,420 $1,32,688 $1,84,657 Less: Tax @ 25% -$426 $39,806 $55,397 Net Profit AT -$994 $92,882 $1,29,260 Balance Sheet Neoteric Perfume Balance Sheet Amount ($) Assets 2018 2019 2020 Current $50,000 $60,000 $72,000 Fixed $1,25,000 $3,00,000 $3,00,000 Other assets $25,000 $1,25,000 $1,25,000 Total Assets $2,00,000 $4,85,000 $4,97,000 Liabilities Non-Current (Borrowings) $1,00,000 $2,00,000 $3,00,000 Total Liabilities $1,00,000 $2,00,000 $3,00,000 Equity $1,00,000 $2,85,000 $1,97,000 Total Liabilities Equity $2,00,000 $4,85,000 $4,97,000 Cash Flow Neoteric Perfume Cash Flow Statement Amount ($) 2018 2019 2020 Cash Flow from Operating Activities Cash sales 1,05,000.00 1,80,000.00 2,25,000.00 Realization from Debtors 1,22,500.00 2,10,000.00 2,62,500.00 Payment to Creditors - - - Expenses paid (1,65,256.00) (3,74,281.60) (4,81,009.76) Total 62,244.00 15,718.40 6,490.24 Cash Flow from Investing Activities Machinery Purchased (1,25,000.00) - - Equipment Purchased (50,000.00) - - Total (1,75,000.00) - - Cash Flow from Financing Activities Equity capital 1,00,000.00 - Borrowings 1,00,000.00 2,00,000.00 3,00,000.00 Total 2,00,000.00 2,00,000.00 3,00,000.00 Cash surplus/ deficit 87,244.00 2,15,718.40 3,06,490.24 Opening balance - 87,244.00 3,02,962.40 Closing balance 87,244.00 3,02,962.40 6,09,452.64 Critical Risks The major risk that a business faces is at the time of entry. It is very difficult for a business to enter in a market where other companies are operating and are giving strong competition to each other. For entering into a market the Neoteric Perfume needs to have a good and unique idea which can make them different from other companies present in the market. Along with this, the company needs to take the permission from the regulations established for safeguarding the customers from the unethical activities of the business. Competition The major risk that a business can face in the market is competition. In the market, there are various businesses that are operating in the market from last many years and gaining profit. They have survived in the market by giving cut-throat competition to other companies and due to that many companies have to wind up. It the case of Neoteric Perfume, it will face huge competition from the competitors already present in the market of Australia. Therefore, management of the perfume need to make strategies and should be ready to face the competition. Conclusion In the conclusion, it can be said that Neoteric Perfume is a good and attractive business idea which will definitely help the company to gain profit in the market of Australia. The above report has explained the new business idea and its offering along with its mission. Further, the report has conducted the market analysis of industry and competition for the Neoteric Perfume which will help them in making the strategies. It has also provided the primary target market along with the marketing mix strategies for the Neoteric Perfume. It has projected the financial plan of the perfume which includes Profit and Loss account, Balance sheet and Cash flow statement and in the end, the report has explained some critical risk that perfume brand can face in the market. References Ameya, C., 2017, 10 Amazing Benefits Of Using Perfumes, [online] Available at: https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/benefits-of-using-perfumes/#gref [Accessed 18 January 2018]. 50MINUTES, 2015, The Marketing Mix: Master the 4 Ps of marketing, 50 Minutes. Codita, R., 2011, Contingency Factors of Marketing-Mix Standardization: German Consumer Goods Companies in Central and Eastern Europe, Springer Science Business Media. Eula, W., 2013, Benefits Of Using Perfume, [online] Available at: https://abouthumanpheromones.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/benefits-of-using-perfume/ [Accessed 18 January 2018] IBIS World, 2017, Cosmetics, Perfume and Toiletries Manufacturing in Australia: Market Research Report, [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/market-research-reports/manufacturing/basic-chemical-product/cosmetics-perfume-toiletries-manufacturing.html [Accessed 18 January 2018]. IBIS World, 2017, Online Perfume and Cosmetic Sales in Australia: Market Research Report, [online] Available at: https://www.ibisworld.com.au/industry-trends/specialised-market-research-reports/online-retail/online-perfume-cosmetic-sales.html [Accessed 18 January 2018] Inside Retail, 2015, Perfume buying habits in Australia, [online] Available at: https://www.insideretail.com.au/blog/2015/02/17/perfume-buying-habits-australia/ [Accessed 18 January 2018]. Kemmer, M., and Boden, A., 2012, Price as one Parameter in the Marketing Mix, GRIN Verlag. Kynaston, L., 2015, Scenting success: the benefits of smelling good, [online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sponsored/lifestyle/how-to-improve-confidence/11328053/Scenting-success.html [Accessed 18 January 2018] Marketing Mix, 2018, The Marketing Mix 4Ps and 7Ps Explained, [online] Available at: https://marketingmix.co.uk/ [Accessed 18 January 2018]. Mars, 2014, The marketing mix in marketing strategy: Product, price, place and promotion, [online] Available at: https://www.marsdd.com/mars-library/the-marketing-mix-in-marketing-strategy-product-price-place-and-promotion/ [Accessed 18 January 2018] Neesh, 2016, 8 Benefits of Wearing Perfumes You Can Never Think Of, [online] Available at: https://medium.com/@neeshindia/8-benefits-of-wearing-perfumes-you-can-never-think-of-36df77232d43 [Accessed 18 January 2018]. Nik, A., 2018, The Benefits Of Cologne, [online] Available at: https://in.askmen.com/style-grooming/1106851/article/the-benefits-of-cologne [Accessed 18 January 2018] Richter, T., 2012, International Marketing Mix Management: Theoretical Framework, Contingency Factors and Empirical Findings from World-Markets, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. The Economic Times, 2018, Definition of 'Marketing Mix', [online] Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/marketing-mix [Accessed 18 January 2018]. Wenderoth, M., 2009, Particularities in the Marketing Mix for Service Operations, GRIN Verlag.

remote system controller Essay Example

remote system controller Essay International Journal of Computer and Information Technology (ISSN: 2279 volume 02- Issue 04, July 2013 RSC Remote System Controller Donfack Kana A. F MadadJim Roland Department of Mathematics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. e-mail: donfackkana {at} gmail. com 0764) Abstract- The advancement in mobile technology is fast changing the traditional way of computing. Several tasks which were previously performed only on personal computers are now possible with mobile devices. This paper presents RSC, a remote system controller, which is an application to control a remote computer through Java enabled mobile evices such as mobile phone. Basic computer operations such as rebooting, shutting down a remote computer and file transfer from a computer to a mobile device are implemented. Keywords-Mobile application, Remote Computer control, Java networking. l. INTRODUCTION Since the advent of mobile phone, (the first experimental handheld in 1973 by Dr Martin Cooper and first hand-held to be commercially available in 1983 [12] ) mobile technology has not stopped growing, exploring new dimension. According to [6] mobile phones are no longer mean for only voice data communication, but now-a-days the scenario has changed and oice communication is Just one aspect of a mobile phone. Day to day, new technology are incorporated in mobile phones but are less useful in the hands of the users due to lack of applications that will make use of these resources. Handheld devices such as a mobile phone require certain applications and services for their efficient utilization. We will write a custom essay sample on remote system controller specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on remote system controller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on remote system controller specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since mobile phones, as the name indicates are mobile in nature [10], it will therefore be one of the most efficient way for real time monitoring of non mobile application that require close monitoring. For example, a video surveillance system ecord can be accessed on the communication and data access between mobile and non-mobile devices. Having a mobile device that can be used to access data from a local system from far distance can be of great additional value to individuals and corporations. wrww. iJcit. om Technological developments have enabled the creation of mobile devices with the technical features which were previously conceived only in personal computer (PC) architecture [2]. Those features can be exploited in order to achieve optimal interaction between the PC and the mobile device. The advancements in 36 technology and wireless ommunication bring the convenience usage of mobile devices on internet [2]. These advancements are being used to add more functionality on mobil e devices. As a result, more applications are developed to feed the ever expanding mobile features. This paper develops a Remote System Controller (RSC), which remotely controls a computer system on the internet or local network. II. RELATED WORKS Several applications have been developed for controlling a PC but limited in the type of service they rendered and in the kind of technology used. They include RDM+, TeamViewer, IrDesktop, PocketDroid, VNC among many others. TeamViewer [1 1] is used for remote control, desktop sharing and file sharing between computers. The software operates with the Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, iOS, and Android operating systems. Machine running TeamViewer can be accessed with a web browser. In the default confguration, TeamViewer uses one of the servers of TeamViewer. com to start the connection and the routing traffic between the local client and the remote host machine. However in 70% of the cases after the handshake a direct connection via UDP or TCP is established. Virtual Network Computing (VNC) [7] is a graphical desktop sharing system that uses the RFB protocol (remote framebuffer) to remotely control another computer. It transmits the keyboard and mouse events from one computer to another, relaying the graphical screen updates back in the other direction, over a network. VNC is platform-independent. 767 JAVA for the server side application and Android for the client side application. PocketDroid is used for file sharing between PC and android devices, start and stop the applications installed the target PC. Mobile Phone Client-side RSC Sending command Client GUI jrDesktop [4] is a cross-platform software for remote desktop control, remote assistance and desktop sharing. It is useful for home networking, helpdesk, system administration and collaboration. It supports Java 1. 5 and works only on LAN. It uses UDP instead of RMI/ TCP, share only a specific userdefined region. Server Controller System Manager Remote Desktop for Mobile RDM+ [8], is a communication tool that gives the ability to connect to a remote desktop computer through the mobile device and interact with it remotely. RDM+ enables picturing of the remote desktop on he screen of the mobile device and to perform different usual keyboard and mouse commands. In view of the above applications among many others, the technology and languages used in designing these applications differ from one programmer to another; From android platform to Java platform, C# or Visual Basic. Most of the applications developed using Java platform differed from the RSC in the protocols used and a third party, that is, the web for server hosting was used in those applications. Ill. ARCHITECTURE OF RSC RSC uses Java connection-oriented sockets and system ommands to achieve it functionality. Java socket is used in RSC on both the client and server application to provide compatible and efficient streams for the communication between the client and server. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), type of socket was chosen to provide reliable, bidirectional, point-to-point, and stream-based connection between hosts. For the implementation of the system in the RSC system. The internal commands are used to manipulate the files while the external commands are used to perform the computer operations such as shutdown and reboot. The RSC system is made up of a client-side RSC, which runs on the mobile device with Java enabled capability, and a serverside RSC that runs on the PC. The communication link between these two parts of the RSC uses TCP. Fig. l describes the relationship and operation of the two parts of the RSC. File Manager -rcp link Operating System File Manager Control System Disk and File Process Management Receiving Response Figure 1: Basic Architecture of RSC A. Client-side of RSC The client-side of the RSC is divided into two modules as shown in fgure2: the file manager module, responsible for files transfer and esponsible for performing some basic system operations of the remote computer. File Manager Module This module is responsible for sending various requests to the server for files transfer. The operations in this module are dependent of each other. Firstly, the list of all disk drives found on the remote computer is requested, followed by subsequent listing of the contents of selected disk drives. Operations such as copying or deleting a file can be performed on the files. System Manager Module This module controls the remote computer itself by accessing its resources. Commands are sent directly to be executed by he PC, they comprise shutting down instructions, rebooting instructions etc 68 International Journal of Computer and Information Technology (ISSN: 2279 0764) Edition 02SE) platform while the client application is designed using Java 2 Micro Edition 02ME). Start The mobile device running an RSC-client can connect to the remote computer through internet. The RSC-client opens a socket connection to pass required information and commands to the server which in turn executes them. It also receives the response from the server, thus acting like a mobile remote contr ol. Enter Computer Name(lP/DNS) No Successfully Connected? Yes The RSC-client needs to connect to the remote PC through its address which can be an IP address or a DNS name. If RSC is used behind a router, port forwarding should be enabled. Menu Option Help About Disconnect Figure 2: Dataflow of client side RSC B. Server-side of RSC This module, which resides on the computer to be controlled. It is responsible for receiving commands and requests from the mobile side RSC and executes them. The results are sent back to the client application. All processing are performed at this module, making RSC a thin-client model. The communication in the RSC uses the TCP/IP. According to [3] TCP is relatively application-oriented in that using its socket facilities provides applications with a bi-directional byte stream between two hosts located at application endpoints. A connection-oriented service is best for applications that require characters to be received in the same order in which they were sent, such as keystrokes typed from a terminal or bytes in an ASCII file transfer [3]. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULT The RSC system involves communication between a mobile device and a remote computer, which is based on socket rogramming. RSC is implemented using Java. The choice of java is due it features. Java is platform independent. Because of Java flexibility and robustness, it provides the best deal for the development of such applications. Java platform is widely used Cava platform covers more than 1/3 of mobile devices market). Java programs can be deployed on both mobile devices and non mobile devices, independent of host hardware and operation systems. Client-side and server-side Java applications can integrate seamlessly under consistent Application Programming Interface (API) designs. The server pplication of the RSC was designed using the Java 2 Standard wrww. iJcit. com A. Establishing Connection the RSC, when provided with a valid target PC address, a connection is established between the mobile device and the remote computer on the provided address. A port opened on the remote PC will be listening for incoming data, which will be bound to the mobile device port and so enabling communication between them. Listing 1 and Listing 2 show the pseudo-code for the connection phase. pen a connection through IP on a given port create inputstream and outputstream send request on outputstream ead response on inputstream Listing 1: Clients connection pseudo-code create a socket bind to a well-known port place in passive mode while(true){ wait for client connection request establish a connection with client handle client request create an inputstream and outputstream while(client write){ read a client request on inputstream process request send a reply on outputstream close the client socket close passive socket Listing 2: Servers connection pseudo-code. Upon a successful connection to the server, the mobile user is presented a GUI menu of the RSC where the user can fully interact with the system. 69 B. File Manager The implementation of the file manager is to achieve effective file browser which will enable the user to view the remote computer data content and to perform basic manipulation on these data. Fig. shows a view of the file browser interfaces captured from a mobile The pseudo-code in Listing 3 shows the process used by the server-side program in executing the commands of the file manager module of the client-side. It lists and sends the list of all the drives to the mobile device through a port. Java File class is used in accessing the PC resources. Filet] roots File. listRoots(); for( i i

Visit us at CIPDs HR conference - Emphasis

Visit us at CIPDs HR conference Visit us at CIPDs HR conference On April 6-7, youll be able to meet the Emphasis team. Its your opportunity to talk to us face-to-face about your business-writing training needs anything from courses for your latest intake of graduates to improving your companys reports, and much more. Come and see us on stand 620 at the HRD conference and exhibition, the latest event organised by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. You can pre-book an appointment with us through our exhibitor profile be sure to let us know the day and time you prefer. Or, if you spot the Emphasis stand as you bounce between discussions, speakers and seminars, then do feel free to drop in.

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F]

Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] Top 10 Confused Words in English [E-F] By Maeve Maddox The words in the following list represent misunderstanding of the words’ meanings and not simply an inability to spell them correctly. This post covers words starting with the letters e and f (the a-b list is here, and the c-d one here). 1. economic / economical Both adjectives are related, but have distinct meanings. Economic refers to economics or the economy: â€Å"Reagans  economic policies  came to be known as ‘Reaganomics.’ † Economical means, â€Å"giving good value in relation to the resources used†: â€Å"Buying in bulk is an economical way to shop.† 2. ensure / insure To ensure is to guarantee: â€Å"The librarian held his passport to ensure that he would return the book before leaving.† To insure is to enter into an agreement to assure against future loss: â€Å"The Joneses decided to insure their house against flood as well as fire.† 3. envelop / envelope The word without the final e is a verb meaning â€Å"to surround†: â€Å"Come, let me envelop you in my arms.† The word with the final e is a noun, meaning â€Å"container for a letter†: â€Å"She placed the letter in the envelope and sealed it with a kiss.† The verb is pronounced with stress on the second syllable. For the noun, the stress falls on the first syllable. As for the pronunciation of the noun’s first syllable, both EN and ON are heard. For an extended commentary on the pronunciation of envelope, see The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations by Charles Elster. 4. famous / infamous Many bloggers seem to be unaware that these two words are not interchangeable. Not only have I seen people like Hitler and Al Capone referred to as â€Å"famous,† I’ve recently seen infamous used in reference to people who, as far as I know, are not noted for doing bad things. Both adjectives mean â€Å"well known,† but famous means well known for admirable qualities, whereas infamous implies despicable behavior. Princess Diana is famous for her work in ridding the world of landmines. The gangster John Dillinger was an infamous bank robber. 5. farther / further A great deal of ink, real and virtual, is spilled insisting that further must never be used in reference to physical distance. According to this argument, we may say, â€Å"I walked farther than you,† but not, â€Å"I walked further than you.† This is one of those prissy distinctions that has found its way into stylebooks, but is belied by centuries of usage. Either farther or further is acceptable in the context of physical distance. However, as Paul Brians (Common Errors in English Usage) puts it, â€Å"Some people get really testy about this.† Further, on the other hand, is the preferred form in abstract and figurative senses: â€Å"This office will be closed until further notice.† Further is the only choice as a verb: â€Å"Mr. Smith’s generous donation will enable us to further our plans for expanding the homeless shelter.† 6. flaunt / flout â€Å"To flout† is to express contempt for something. If you’re showing something off, you’re  flaunting  it. If you’re disregarding a law, a rule, or a social convention, you’re  flouting  it. For example: â€Å"I unfriended Charlie because he was constantly flouting civil behavior with his vulgar language.† â€Å"She is unbelievably wealthy, but she doesn’t flaunt it.† 7. flounder / founder Used as verbs, these two words are often confused. Literally, to flounder means â€Å"to struggle†: â€Å"The cat floundered desperately in the water.† Literally, founder may be used in any of the following senses: [of a building] to fall down [of a horse] to fall helplessly to the ground [of a ship] to fill with water and sink Figuratively, flounder retains the meaning of â€Å"to struggle† with the added connotations of ineptness, confusion, or embarrassment: â€Å"He floundered  for a bit,  trying  to figure out how to rephrase the question.† Figuratively, founder means â€Å"to fail†: â€Å"Even with that money, there’s no guarantee the daycare wouldn’t founder later.† 8. forbear / forebear The first, forbear, is a verb meaning â€Å"to refrain from†: â€Å"Prince Charles will forbear from making political pronouncements when he becomes king, The Observer reported yesterday.† The second, forebear, is a noun meaning ancestor: â€Å"The British must rediscover the boldness and ambition of their Victorian forebears, say the politicians.† 9. forward / foreword The confusion between these words is understandable. The adjective forward describes something that is in front of or ahead of something else. The noun foreword is a preface, a brief essay that stands at the front of a book. An easy way to keep them straight is to pay attention to the word in foreword. A foreword is made up of words. 10. fortuitous / fortunate Both words derive from Latin fortuna, â€Å"luck or chance.† Fortuna could be either good or bad; it was what happened to a person. In modern English, fortunate has the connotation of good fortune only: â€Å"It was fortunate for him that someone heard his cries for help.† Fortuitous, on the other hand, retains the notion of happenstance or accident. â€Å"A fortuitous meeting† is an accidental meeting. However, because of the similarity of fortuitous to fortunate, the expression â€Å"a fortuitous meeting† is most commonly understood to mean a meeting that was lucky as well as coincidental. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadPeople versus Persons20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Lack of communication on relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lack of communication on relationships - Essay Example However, this practice leads me to exhaustion and I slowly started to dislike the place. It could have been over easily, however, lack of communication on my behalf led me to a point where I considered quitting that job. Also, once while working there, I started noticing that my manager had started being a bit rude and strict to me. And although, he didn’t use to say much, it led to start of a rumor that I was going to be fired. That not only made me uneasy emotionally, but also affected my motivation at work. However, sometime later it became clear that his behavior was due to his personal problem and not due to my work. Lack of communication often leads to a conflict or in other cases worsening of a conflicting situation (Conflict Research Consortium). It is important to communicate in order to prevent conflict and maintain a clean and clear environment all

Psoriasis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psoriasis - Research Paper Example During this era psoriasis denomination was still to be standardized and its translation from one language to another faced a huge discrepancy. Such is the case that different authors termed the ailment differently, while diverse ailments had the same names. Confusion in description and terminology of psoriasis went on for centuries. Considered the ugliest disease of the olden days, psoriasis became synonymous with all kind of people, whether a king, member of the kingly family, politician, business person or ordinary person. According early scholars, psoriasis is much similar to the tzaraat disease cited in the Bible. Psoriasis was first mentioned by a Greek physician called Hippocrates (460-377 BC). However, this did not offer formal introduction until a roman author called Cornelius Celsus described it in the first century. According to his description Psoriasis is a condition caused by staphylococcus pyogenes characterized by red patches and watery blisters on the skin. Having been kept unattended for thousands of years, this condition is became a real concern following the exhumation of the Egyptian mummies. The Greeks termed it â€Å"psora†, meaning â€Å"to itch† a reason that makes it to be considered an understatement of the centuries! During this period, majority of the medical minds found it hard to isolate the symptoms and only remained baffled with the condition. Throughout this period, people remain superstitious over the causes and development of psoriasis until Hippocrates (Father of Medicine 460-377 B.C.) replaced the superstitious mind with knowledge in curing skin ailments. Using this knowledge, Hippocrates introduced the treatment of skin ailments using tar that was added to the superstitious mix and also prescribed topical arsenic (Langley, pg34). This condition presented great problem typified with confusion with other related skin conditions believed to be contagious. Psoriasis was commonly

Notes on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Notes on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Though the novel is entitled The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the story is told by Huck, the key character in the novel is Jim The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has two key characters, one is the slave Jim, the other; the protagonist Huck. Jim and Huck could each be considered the key characters for different reasons, Jim as he is the main representative of the typical slave (slavery being the most important theme of this novel) and Huck for he is the main storyteller. Jim is an important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and without him the novel would be ineffectual. However The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about the adventures of the protagonist Huck, and it is more likely that the key character of this novel is Huck because we see everything from his view. In a novel which is written as a satiric social comment upon the southern states of America Jims role as the manifestation of slavery must be a key one. Incidents in which Jim interacts with other characters and their reactions to him are meant to symbolise the wider societys opinions on slaves and the practice of slavery. Jim, is a heroic figure in a book whose main characters consist of liars, cheats and scoundrels. Jim always does the right thing if he can, he always feels empathy for others even if those people show no such emotions for him. The incident at the end of the novel when he saves Tom and risks what he believes to be his own freedom is a case in point. We empathise with Jim because even though other characters suggest that his feelings are least important, whose life is lesser, whose existence is trivial, he manages to stay cheerful, and even kind to those who treat him in this manner. This quality makes him even more heroic, for he is a figure who turns the other cheek, and is kind to others no matter what. Jim doesnt lie or cheat, or steal or gamble and looks down on these activities. Jim is never bitter, he never complains, and never expects Huck to return or even notice what he does for him. However this is no to say that Huck is not heroic himself, his support for Jim, a black man, who Huck has been taught is inferior and as important as a pack horse is astounding, and displays that Huck is strong enough and heroic enough to make the harder choice and choose his heart over his conscience. An example of Huck choosing his heart occurs just after Jim has been sold by the King and the Duke for forty dollars, Huck believes he has been forced to make a choice between Jim and heaven. He chooses Jim with the words All right then, Ill go to hell. It is Jims escape and the subsequent threat of his re-capture that provides the reason for himself and Huck to leave the island and travel down the river where most of their adventures occur. Without Jim Twain would lack a reason for Huck to travel down the river and experience what he experiences, without Jim this would be little more than a story about a boy who fakes his own death, and then lives on an island. Add to this the fact that Jim is the leader during the travel down the river. He is the one who knows all the signs of weather, either good or bad, it is he who makes their journey its success and ensures their lives. Jim is the maturest out of himself and Huck. Hucks immaturity is shown when he puts the rattlesnake in Jims sleeping bag, or when he plays a trick on Jim during the fog. Jims maturity is displayed by his reaction to the incident when Huck plays a trick on him during the fog. Without Jim the novel would be innefectual because Hucks development would be stunted without him. One prime example of Jims importance occurs when Huck comes closer to fully realising that Jim is a real person too and the colour of his skin does not diminish his humanity. Huck has realised that Jim is a human and that he should not play tricks on him or regard him as stupid, around the end of the novel Huck says I knowed he was white inside, Huck is expresing his realisation that Jim is a human in the only way he knows through making Jim white. Hucks realisation is well brought across to us just after he has hidden in the fog, and returned to Jim, Jim works out that Huck is trying to trick him and reacts very badly to Hucks prank. Huck then says. it was fifteen minutes before I could work myself to humble to a nigger- but I done it, and I warnt ever sorry for it afterwards, neither. I didnt do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldnt done that one if Id knowed it would make him feel that way. Huck and Jim have a symbiotic relationship, they need each other Huck needs Jim to remain dynamic and keep our attention, and Jim needs Huck to justify his presence in the novel. Jims effect on Huck is huge it is through Jim that Huck begins to learn about how the colour of skin does not alter the person inside. An example of this occurs when Huck says and I do believe he cared just as much for his people as white folks does for theirn . Huck justifies Jims existence as a character of substance in this novel, for through helping Huck and caring for him, Jim is makes an impact on the reader, and hence makes his position in the novel as one of its main characters more tenable. However while it is obviously true that Jim teaches Huck he is not Hucks only teacher, several other characters such as Pap and Tom also teach Huck valuable lessons. One example of Huck being taught by someone other than Jim occurs when Huck says If I never learnt nothin else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with his kind of people is to let them have their own way. It is through Huck and his reactions to various events that Twain passes on his opinions to the reader. Huck is a character through which the author, in Twain puts across his point of view, for example Hucks realisation that Jim is also a human and also important. Twain is trying to get this message across to the public. Huck is a representation of the common person at the beginning of the novel. He is white, uneducated, simple, and not willing to think about what he is told just willing to accept it. Hucks realisations about right and wrong, and importantly his own ability to determine this for himself are drawn out and argued logically inside a story which will hold the readers attention. Through Huck Twain frames all the key issues of freedom, racism and slavery, personal integrity and social rebellion against social attitudes of the period. This occurs when Huck interacts with key characters who are representative of a theme or an idea being presented by Twain. For example his interaction with Tom who represents conventional social attitudes, as the novel progresses Huck is less inclined to accept what Tom says or does as correct. One example of this occurs when Huck quits Tom Sawyers band of thieves, he no longer agrees with Tom, and many of Toms imagined incidents such as that of rading the summer school picnic no longer hold any credence with Huck. This moving away from Tom and what he represents, is an indication of Twains rejection of conventional social values. Jim is the symbolic representation of only one of these points of discussion, slavery. Jim is only a part of that whole because he represents only one of the themes that Twain is discussing in this novel. Unlike Huck, Jim is not the one who reveals the authors opinions through his actions and reactions he is merely representative of one of these ideas. Without Hucks presence the novel lacks a unifying element. Jim is unable to fill the void in this regard as he is a relatively static character who does not change. This is unlike the dynamic Huck who changes some of his opinions and learns about many things ranging from serious issues such as slavery to simpler things such as to how to discern what the weather will be. The most important factor that leads me to argue that Huck is the protagonist comes from the fact that the whole novel is told in first person. It is Hucks views not Jims that we get, it is his outlook that colours our opinion, and most importantly his vernacular we read. In fact Jim himself is seen through Hucks eyes, with Hucks opinion colouring our own. Huck is omnipresent, this is not so with Jim he continuously disappears when it does not serve Twain to have him in the episode. Debates inside Hucks mind, the incident when Huck plays a trick on Jim during the fog, and even the whole Shepardson, Grangerford incident are lacking the presence of Jim. When Huck meets the Shepardsons and the Grangerfords, for example Jim magically disappears into the bushes to repair the raft. Huck is in every moment of the novel, and other characters are merely there because they interact with Huck, Jim is no exception. Jim is an extremely important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Jim represents slavery the major theme of the novel, is forgiving, and kind, however this makes him a heroic character, not the key character. Huck on the other hand is the key character by virtue of his predominance throughout the book, he is on every page, and every line and unlike Jim he is the character who reveals and in effect discusses issues through his reactions, action and interaction with other characters. Hence it is fair and logical to conclude that although important Jim is not the key character of the novel, that honour must go to Huck.

Personal Essay: Prejudice -- Personal Narrative

I. BACKGROUND   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The location was a moderate to large size city near the east coast of Massachusetts. The city has a mix of all races and is diverse in its racial distribution. It is a city where most of the people are middle class working folks. While it is a moderate size city, it has few city problems such as homelessness, poverty and violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year was 1992 and it was the summertime. It was very hot and humid at about 11:30 at night and I was in a car driving around looking for something to do. It was a boring Tuesday night so I decided to go to a big video arcade hangout called Funworld. There is a number of video games as well as young people. The establishment is a large building with a large parking lot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was with three other people in the parking lot when we were approached by a group of three other gentlemen. I myself am a caucasian male under 21 years of age. Two of the people I was with were upperclass caucasian males also under the age of 21. The last person was also under 21 and male, but he was African-American. One of the caucasians was a close friend and another was an acquaintance. The African-American was also a friend of mine. Of the three gentlemen that approached us, two were hispanic males that appeared to be over 21 and the other was a caucasian male that appeared over 21, although I couldn't be sure. Although I didn't want to make any judgements about them, they looked as if they were poorly dressed and over 21. So I deduced that they were in a gang or they were drug dealers, high school dropouts, etc.;. II.ACTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At first it appeared as if both groups would just pass by each other unnoticed but the caucasian male in the other group made a racist remark about my African-American friend. He said "Look at those dumb dudes walking with that fucking spade". My African-American Dave turned around suddenly and said "What the fuck did you say?" The caucasian male retorted "None of your fucking business dick!" At this point both groups approached each other and then my friend Dave said "You wanna go", in response the other kid said "Let's go!" and shoved him in the chest. The other two of the caucasian male's friends jumped on top of Dave and then we all kind of got into a fight. We were mostly just pushing and shoving each other at first.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After about a minute of pushing... ...his fight alone was a melting pot of individuals. I think in my mind that the fat that Dan was white affected his decisions, not in a big way, but in some sort of way. I don't really know about the other three, but as for Chris and I, race affected us in terms of white and hispanic because that's who we were mad at the most. I don't know why this would be the case, but it just was.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that African-American viewing this would have felt the most strongly. The event they would have sen unfolding in front of them would have hurt a lot. They would have jumped in to help not only my friend Dave but also all of us because we were all trying to fight for the same thing out there. African-American's also would have been puzzled as to why one white man would help out a black man but not two. The way events unfolded would have made them think twice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In an odd way I feel another thing that would have made people jump in to help was the fact that a caucasian and an African-American were fighting for each other . As much as we hate to admit it that is not a scene we see nearly enough of in this day and age. Something has got to be done about it immediately.

Speech on the Importance of Co-curricular Activities in School by R Jain

It happens more than sometimes that a student who has consistently shown in studies does less well later on in life than a student who has always been academically mediocre. The reason is not, necessarily, that the former has not lived up to expectations, or that the latter has all the connections that count. Often it is just a case of the mediocre rising to excellence because he has had the good luck of finding himself. Albert Einstein, Leo Tolstoy and Rabindranath Tagore were not considered particularly bright prospects in school, but nevertheless took the world by storm. Obviously, academics is only one yardstick of a student’s ability.At the school level, it is presently the most important yardstick and will probably continue to be so in the foreseeable future. It is generally agreed that an educated person is required to have grounding in certain specified areas of knowledge that may be termed as ‘basic subjects’. Over and above that, though, a good school wi ll offer a wide variety of supplementary or co-curricular activities involving games, music, art, literature, photography, the computer, and what have you. The more varied and better organised these activities are, the greater are the chances of a student succeeding in discovering himself.What does that mean? It means finding out what one likes doing, what one is good at and what one would like to develop one’s skills in. It is not impossible for this to turn out to be a fairly long drawn-out trial-and-error process. A student may begin by trying his hand at painting and find himself lacking; he may then move on to debating and discover he is worse at it; he may then have a shot at acting, but in vain; finally, he may find his metier in creative writing. He starts writing stories and poems and getting appreciation for and feedback on them. It makes him a happier, more motivated, and more energetic person.He may have been an indifferent student, but now, because his self-estee m has risen and he is more confident of himself, he attains a higher rank in class as well. It is not necessary that he should go on to become a famous writer. The very fact that he has confidence in himself now will make a world of difference to how he goes about life and what he does with it. It is up to him to seek out suitable avenues for the expression of his creativity, but once that is done, that initial act of self-discovery in school will prove to be one of the most positive turning-points in his life.What today is called ‘co-curricular’ was yesterday known as ‘extra-curricular’. The change in wording is significant and reveals recognition of the worth of non-academic pursuits in education. That one does not need to sit in ‘examinations’ in most co-curricular activities is a factor that makes them more enjoyable than classroom study; however, that may also be the very reason why a section of students don’t take them seriously en ough.More and more colleges and organisations have begun to look beyond the school-leaving and graduation and post-graduation certificates while deciding whom to take in and whom to leave out during admission or employment, and a good co-curricular track record may well give one an edge over a rival candidate who has no such background. This development, also, should further the worthy cause of co-curricular activities.

Everything You Need to Know About Kenya Essay

Kenya is a country in the continent of Africa, on the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa. This country has land on both sides of the equator. This report is going to tell you all about this fascinating country. Jambo (Hello), and we can begin our safari (journey). â€Å"Jambo† and â€Å"safari† are Kiswahili words, one of the languages of Kenya. Kenya is about two times the size of Nevada. It’s slightly smaller than Texas and slightly larger than California, our 2nd and 3rd largest states respectively. The countries that border Kenya are Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. Kenya is not landlocked because the Indian Ocean borders Kenya to its right. Kenya is in both the northern and eastern hemispheres. Some major landforms in Kenya include the Kenyan Highlands, Mt. Kenya, the Great Rift Valley, Mau Escarpment, and Mt. Marsabit. The highest elevation is Mount Kenya at 17,057 feet, which is also one of the tallest in Africa. The capital of Kenya is Nairobi. The distance from Nairobi (the capital of Kenya) to Washington D.C. is 7,548 miles. The geography of Kenya supplies some advantages. One area that displays this is the highlands. The highlands provide Kenya with one of the best agricultural regions in Africa. There is rich soil and fertile ground. There is plentiful rainfall and mild climate perfect for farming. High altitude is also great for growing coffee and tea. Kenya is the 4th largest tea producer in the world. Farming provides jobs to the people that live there. Exporting crops such as coffee and tea help provide money in the country. The one and only type of natural vegetation in Kenya is tropical grassland. They have no active volcanoes, but a few centuries ago Mt. Kenya was a volcano. The distance from Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, to the equator is approximately 216 miles. The climate of Kenya is varied. However, overall, the one-month it rains the  most in Kenya is in April when they get 6.3 inches. The average temperature in January is about 68 degrees while in July it’s 63 degrees. The many climates in Kenya include tropical wet, tropical wet and dry, arid, and semiarid. Arid is a dry region and receives approximately 5 inches of rain per year. In the summer Kenya gets .6 inches of rain and in the winter receives .1 inches. The temperature in the summer is 81 degrees Fahrenheit and the winter about 55 degrees Fahrenheit. Semiarid is considered a dry climate type. Summers average 79 degrees Fahrenheit and in the winter averages 51 degrees Fahrenheit. The yearly rainfall is 10 inches in the summer 3.4 and .2 in the winter. Tropical wet and dry is considered a tropical climate. It’s hot all year, averaging 79 degrees all year. It receives about 50 inches of rainfall per year with 10 inches in the summer and .2 inches in the winter. I will now tell you about the history of Kenya before European exploration. Early tribal groups have started to settle in Kenya as far back as 2000 BC. The main reason tribes came here was for the rich, fertile ground, which would be good for farming. Both the highlands and the Rift Valley provided this in southern Kenya. The first migrants to arrive were pastoral nomads from Ethiopia who were in search of fertile ground, which they could use to graze their flocks. They were soon forced to leave and go into central Tanzania because of the climate changes over the centuries and water had begun to be scarce. The Yaaku, or Eastern Cushites, came 1,000 years later and settled in central Kenya. It seems that the Yaaku had been the leader and many more tribes came as the followers and by 100 AD there has been nearly 1,400 pastoral communities in the Rift Valley region. Next, I will tell you about the people of Kenya. The population of Kenya is 31,138,735 people. There are 2,310,000 people living in Nairobi. The population  density is 139 people per square miles in Kenya. Kenya is rural in most  areas, but urban in the capital. The official language of Kenya is English and Kiswahili (Swahili). The major ethnic group of Kenya is Kikuyu, which makes up 22% of the population. The major religion of Kenya is Protestant. 45% of the people follow the Protestant religion. The literacy rate in Kenya is 78.1% overall. Males are 86.3% literate, and women are 70% literate. Many areas lack good education. The life expectancy for women is 48 while the men are expected to life to 46. The population trend is growing greatly at 1.15% per year. One major illness that Kenyans suffer greatly from is HIV/AIDS. I will now tell you about the economy. The major type of economic activity is agriculture including herding and farming. Approximately 75-80% of the working population are in agriculture. It is a primary activity. The main agricultural product is tea. Kenya relies on coffee, tea, and flowers as their limited amount of cash crops. Although they have areas for farming, due to the large population and climate and weather problems, Kenya suffers with both starvation and famine. Some of their leading exports include coffee, tea, and flowers. They have a trade deficit with 3.1 million dollars imported and 1.8 million dollars exported. The major trading partners with Kenya are UK, Tanzania, and Uganda. The major imports Kenya receives are machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum products, motor vehicles, iron and steel, resins, and plastics. The per capita GDP is $1,000 per person. The major natural resource is hydroelectric power. Other natural resources include gold, limestone, s oda ash, salt barites, garnets, and rubies. The currency is called a Kenyan Schilling. A US dollar is worth 77 Kenyan Schillings. I will now tell you about the politics and government of Kenya. The type of government in Kenya is a republic. Recently, the government has not changed. The current leader of Kenya is President Mwal Kibaki. The date Kenya was granted its independence was on December 12th, 1963. The country got its name when Europeans mispronounced the name Kikuyu (what Kenya was then called) for Kenya. The same occurred with the name for Mt. Kenya. There have been no recent civil wars. The ambassador to the US is Yusuf Abdulraham. The name of the major political party is the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy also known as FORD. The international organizations Kenya is a  part of include the UN (The United Nations), IMF (International Monetary Fund), WB (World Bank), OAU (Organization of African Unity), and ISO (International Organization of Standardization). The flag of Kenya has many meanings. The shield represents the pride and tradition of Kenya. The black represents the people. The red represents the blood. Green represents the fertile ground. Finally, the white represents peace. I feel that Kenya is still in the developing stage. Much of the area is rural, with an increasing population, particularly in and around the capital. They have many citizens with HIV AIDS, and have many more suffering from starvation. One strength that Kenya has is that they get 40 inches of rainfall per year. That makes it good for farming, in the areas that they can farm. Another strength is the high altitude and Great Rift Valley that not only allows tea and coffee to grow, but it offers more jobs, which is important with a high population density country like Kenya to have. I think that Kenya will not improve in the future unless they reduce the incidence of Aids and eliminate starvation. Due to limited education, lack of a cure for Aids, and weather conditions that cannot be controlled, the future does not look very promising for Kenya.

Book Report Essay Example

Book Report Essay Example Book Report Essay Book Report Essay I have been reading the book Boost by Kathy Mackel. The book is about the main character and narrator, Savannah Christopher, Savvy for short, and her older sister, Callie. Savvy and Callie are both athletic girls, but conflicts with their sport make them want to boost their game. In the book, Savvnvy is trying out for a 180 team, Fire, at the age of 13 with her friend, Nina Gonzalez. Meanwhile her sister Callie is a freshmen trying out for the varsity cheerleading team. I predict that because Savvnvy is a really good player, the older players will push her around. I also think her sister will get troubled with heerleading on her size because it is mentioned how she sits on her iPod to listen to music all day and eat Junk food. I think that since both sisters are very serious in their sports, they want to be as best as they can, they will do anything to improve their game. I predict that they will most likely incorporate drugs to their game. Most likely they will take steroids. I say steroids because athletes that take drugs usually take steroids because it makes them stronger and be their best at their game temporarily. I believe that Savvnvy and Callie using drugs to enhance their game will eave them ending up to be sick and eventually hospitalized since they are very young and will proboable become addicted from taking drugs. Because of the previous contradictions on the use of the internet, the book points out the need for further research on the study. This book gives the psychologists a chance to research on the different forms of learning. It gives them a chance to research how the internet has affected learning among various sectors. One of the factors that affect brain plasticity is age. Carr writes the book based on his experience and the experiences of other adults. It is possible that adults and children lose concentration in different ways. Children and adults are interested in different things, and this can determine their level of concentration. This book fits in a psychological study, especially in the issue of cognition and brain development.

International Business Finance Issues in IBF Supplies Plc and Joe Research Paper

International Business Finance Issues in IBF Supplies Plc and Joe Company - Research Paper Example Multinational vs. domestic capital budgeting project: consideration of additional factors 9 Characteristics of multinational companies (MNCs) affecting the cost of capital 10 Ram plc and Pram plc: Benefits from economies of scale 10 Theory of Comparative Advantage as a motive for international trade: Usefulness 11 Reference 13 1. IBF Supplies Plc: Financial and non-financial factors influencing the proposal of establishing subsidiaries in Eastern Europe, Africa as well as Asia IBF Supplies Plc is one of the leading companies in the UK market in supplying office items to its clients. The company holds a competitive edge over its competitors as it supplies the office items at a competitive price and also the time of delivery of IBF Supplies Plc is comparatively low. The management of the company has assessed that there would be a decrease in demand in the domestic markets in future for which the Director has envisaged the expansion of the company into foreign markets. IBF Supplies Plc found there is an increasing demand for the supply of its products in the markets of Eastern Europe, Africa as well as Asia. The financial factors to be considered in the proposal of establishing foreign subsidiaries of IBF Supplies Plc in Eastern Europe, Africa as well as Asia includes assessment of the economy of the respective local markets, the costs involved in the foreign investments which ranges from the cost of raising of capital, cost for working capital, financing costs, etc. The financial factors also include assessment of financial risks, benefits and disadvantages associated with the foreign investments of IBF Supplies Plc. The non-financial factors to be considered which influences the foreign investment proposal of IBF Supplies Plc are the social factors, political factors, technological factors and the legal factors of the foreign land that has an impact on the business of IBF Supplies Plc.  

Critically evaluate Direct payments in relation to Personalisation Essay

Critically evaluate Direct payments in relation to Personalisation - Essay Example When one has the power of choosing and the power of control, it will hence lead to the life of a person to be in the best state (Barron 2010, p.57). Moreover, due to pay down assists in the privatisation policy, many other critical factors are brought into the light. Factors such as trying to ensure a proper and global proximity to both the societal and services that are termed as free by the government are considered (Bornat 2008, p.67). Others such as the intervening and also the early processes of intervening, the growth and also the continuous producing of services in social societies, and also the sector that does involve social care, trying to improve the levels of access to vital information, and also the guidance of all persons, who do utilise this primary social care amenities. This is irrespective of how they are planned to get their funding, and achieving recognition and other supportive aspects of this field (Hazel 2011, p.34). Direct payments which in short form are termed as DPs, are payments in cash form, that are paid to a person, for which they are now able to manage and also make designs of customized help so as to be able to obtain their various needs that are pertain able to social care (Glasby 2009, p.23). Therefore, the channel that submits funds for direct payments, originates from the authorities locally. Even though direct payments have always been present since the year 1996, they are currently one of the many choices that persons who are hence availed for a personal budget (Rogowski 2010, p.87). It is hence evident and without argument that, the number of persons who utilise direct payments as a want, has with time grown constantly from 50 to 3373, from the years 2002 to the year 2008. It is also observable that, the numbers of persons who utilise direct payments, from the year 2007 to 2008, have increased in terms of per cent, roughly rising by 61%. This is indeed one of the largest

Jihad and Women in the Quran Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jihad and Women in the Quran - Essay Example etween Muslims and non-Muslims, exemplified either by ‘dynamic’ method or classical jurisprudence, is subject to socially stereotyped views as well as political misinterpretations. However, when one does a historical assessment of jihad doctrine, particularly the war-jihad and gender-jihad, it is possible to state that Muslims have no obligation to wage jihad on the basis of Qur’anic readings. Commonly, Muslims’ understanding of the Quran is based on one’s own reading of the text or one’s attempt to extract the meaning from the text. The discussion here focuses on this assertion in relation to few readings on war and gender issues thereby exploring the essence of Islam and interpretation of Quran regarding jihad against these particular issues. There is still a continuous suspicion among the people of the world when it comes to the question of terrorism based violence and the role of Islam and its radical followers. The dialectical interpretation of fundamentalism, women-rights, and many such infelicities, with no regard to cultural, social, religious, and economic differences also owes to the wrong interpretation of Islam, particularly the jihad. However, the major misunderstanding lies on the interpretation of the Qur’anic readings, with many extracting its meaning textually rather than contextually thereby wrongly interpreting it. Particularly, the concept of jihad or ‘just war’ is often misinterpreted in the essence of Islamic law as a justification for violence or war by various institutions. Whatever the reason for jihad be, either war or gender oppression, the entire doctrine is strongly rooted on the Qur’anic readings and its interpretations. In that direction, it can be observed that mis understanding of jihad as a violent concept or a declaration of war by the radicals can bring religious justifications for warfare in the name of God. â€Å"Differences about the status and nature of jihad are a marked feature of early Islamic law, and

A Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Crime In The United States And Thesis

A Comparative Analysis of Juvenile Crime In The United States And Japan - Thesis Example The primary purpose of the research is to ascertain differences and similarities in rates of juvenile offender recidivism in Japan and the United States. Crime historian Sir Leon Radzinowicz defines crime as â€Å"something that threatens serious harm to the community, or something generally believed to do so, or something committed with evil intent, or something forbidden in the interests of the most powerful sections of society† (as cited in Kornblum & Julian, p. 164). Juvenile crime is a grim reality in the United States and Japan. It appears that many of the young people in both countries have lost their sense of direction. Reports of violence, sexual deviation, theft, and drugs reflect social problems that are embedded in the youth. ‘In 2009, juvenile courts in the United States handled an estimated 1.5 million delinquency cases that involved juveniles charged with criminal law violations. Juvenile courts handled 30% more cases in 2009 than in 1985’ (OJJDP, 2012). The rise in crime can be contributed to a growing population to a certain extent. As the numbers mount, society is forced to realize just what the youth are capable of, and scrambling to find out why. Dealing with the negative constructs of crime largely is contingent on the beholder’s perspective of why crime occurs. Theories on crime causations include, but are not limited to, the following: social strain or inequality, biology, conflict, and culture. In addition, crime can be categorized by violent personal crimes, property crimes, occupational (white collar) crimes, corporate crimes, public-order crimes, conventional crimes, organized crimes and professional crimes (Kornblum & Julian, 1995). As a subset of crime, juvenile crime refers to crimes committed by underage people. Juvenile crime can include any of the aforementioned categories with the exception of corporate and white collar crime, which generally are

Impact of Social Class on Education

Impact of Social Class on Education Assess and explain the impact of social class inequalities on education outcomes In this essay I will explain and evaluate the impact of social class inequalities on education and its outcomes. Sociologists see society as a stratification system that is based on factors such as; hierarchy of power, privilege and wealth, which leads into social inequalities. Inequality is about who gets what, how they get it and why they get it. Social inequality is about class, gender and ethnicity, it is characterised by the presence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social groups. There are two main views of social inequalities in education within sociology; the functionalists and the marxists. The functionalists believe that the education system is meritocratic because if you work hard, you get rewards. Emile Durkheim believes that education contributes to social solidarity which is essential for society as it binds society together. It has provided norms and values, a sense of history and a feeling of belonging in society. Durkheim also believed that education contributes to individual’s specialised skills as these are taught with education and being passed on from parents. The education system teaches individuals the skills and knowledge required to enable an individual to do the job. Talcott Parsons developed further into Durkheim’s theory and suggests that education is a secondary socialisation where schools build on the primary socialisation, which is taught by parents. That education system develops on value consensus and prepares children for their adult roles. He believed that education helps with individual achievement as it rewards high achievers wi th praise, it offers equal opportunity for individuals to a chance of success. He also believes that schools are a miniature version of society which prepares them for adult roles and assists with role allocation as it helps them discover their talents and expands them further. However functionalists were criticised as there is evidence that certain groups underachieve in schools which suggests that individuals do not have equal opportunities, their talent is was not effectively developed or the role allocation is not effective. The marxists believe that the education system operate as an ideological tool. Louis Althusser believed that schools prepare individuals for their roles in jobs, are taught to except future exploitation and are provided with education and qualification to match their job roles. He believes that the education system brainwashes and manipulates individuals. Bowles and Gintis argue against Parsons’s role allocation theory as they suggest individuals who get the highest qualifications and the top jobs do so because they work hard and do as they’re told. They found the individuals with the high grades where obedient, hardworking and conforming and are rewarded with high grades as they are the qualities required for adult work. It is said that the higher a person’s social class, the higher their educational qualification, which has been proved over the past 50 years by sociological research and government statistics. For example statistic in 2012/13 show that in London, pupils living in the area of Westminster achieve 86.6% in achieving 5+ A*-C grades, compared to pupils living in the area of Newham achieve 79.1%. Although both areas are within inner London the results show a difference due to class social factors within educational attainment. It is also said that a parent’s social class has a greater impact on how a child preforms at school, research by the University of London’s Institute of Education found that parent(s) who are in professional and managerial jobs were at least eight months ahead of pupils who parent(s) were unemployed. They took into consideration such factors as ethnicity and family size. The education system has been suggested as being biased and designed for whi te, middle class children and ignoring the needs for the working class and ethnic minority. However it is argued that there is a similar range of ability in every social class and factors within society such as low expectations, lack of deferred gratification and economical issues are the reasons for failure in working class. Working class children tend to experience economical hardship than any other class, because it has been linked to material deprivation, such as lack of money and things money could buy is the reason for working class underachievement. Sociologists believe that the children are unable to obtain needed educational items such as computer with internet, desks and books which is a disadvantage for them as well as the costs of education such as tuition fees meaning that people within the working class believe they cannot afford to attend further education. Parsons believed that middle class children from a young age receive more attention and encouragement from their parent(s), which gives them a higher attainment for when they begin school. However J Douglas believed that the working class children’s parent(s), do not understand what their children needs are to succeed in education. He believed that the interest displayed by parent(s) in the children’s attainment contributed to their education. Also the attitudes of the parent(s) to the teachers becomes apparent and this can encourage a teacher to treat one pupil different from another. Social class subcultures such as the differences between the norms and values suggests differences in attainment according to some sociologists. Barry Sugarman believed that working class subculture was fatalistic as they accepted the situation and did nothing to improve it, it was present-time orientated as there was no planning for the future. He also suggested concerns with immediate gratification as there was no sacrifices for the future, whereas the middle class saw things differently. These differences contribute to the attitude in education and will lead to lack of enthusiasm and mind-set to succeed. Other sociologists believe that cultural deprivation such as an absence of certain norms, values, attitudes and skills that are needed for educational success and this is why the working class were also underachieving. However Basil Bernstein believed there are different speech patterns between different classes. He developed the cultural deprivation theory where he suggested that speech patterns of those at the bottom class are inferior. He suggested that working class children adopt a restricted speech code and the education system adopts an elaborated speech code. He also believes that children suffer due to a language barrier, restricting the teacher to be able to teach and the children being unable to learn, which then causes underachievement. Pierre Bourdieu agrees that the working class are discriminated because they are unable to grasps the teachers meaning of grammar, tone, accent and the delivery of teaching. Bourdieu states that the higher people’s position in the class system, the greater the amount of dominant culture they have. This culture is referred as superior as they have power which forms the basis of the education system. He argues that the higher class cultures are better when compared to the working class, because of the perceived superiority where the middle class believe the working class have themselves to blame for the failure in education. Bourdieu believes that children born into the middle class have a built in advantage as their culture is closer to the school culture which gives them an advantage to succeed, such as their language is closer to the teachers which gives them more of an understanding of what’s being taught. According to Bourdieu the dominant culture are seen as cultural capital, because it is converted into material rewards such as high status jobs and high salaries. He concludes that education is cultural and social reproduction as the ed ucation system reproduces the dominant culture which reproduces class system. By doing this is creates education success and failure which justifies the positions of those at the top and bottom. However Bourdieu believes that middle class should not assume that the higher class is better as the failures are measured in exam success, which is in fault with the education system and not the culture. He argues that individuals learn by what they see in life and what they expect, he states that different social groups have different chance and experiences in life. For example studying Spanish art, middle class children can go there and see it, whereas working class have to visualise it. Diane Reay states that it is the mothers who make cultural capital work for their children as she believes that all mother are active in their children’s education, that working class mother’s work just as hard as middle class mothers. She suggested that middle class mothers had more educational qualification and knew how the system worked and used cultural capital to good effect such as helping with homework. Because of this working class mothers believed that they lacked the knowledge to be able to help with their children. Reay argued that middle class women had more material capital by employing cleaners it allowed them time to help their children, working class women didn’t have this as well as being able to afford private tuition. According to Reay it’s the mothers that help with educational attainment, their effectiveness depends on the amount of cultural capital and this depends on social class. There is evidence that suggests that working class pupils are discriminated against middle class pupils for example pupils are always being assessed, they’re labelled as able and less able, placed into sets, entered for individual examinations and denied access to parts of school curriculum. It is suggested that middle class children are classed as able which is a disadvantage for working class. Once a pupil has been labelled they tend to respond or interpret that label which is a self-fulfilling prophecy and will continue to see themselves as that label. However it’s argued that this has no effect on pupil’s achievement, they believe that class differences in attainment are due to what happens outside of school. On the other hand others say it is a combination of differences in school as well as outside. Statistic in 2012/13 show that girls achieve 86.5% in achieving 5+ A*-C grades, compared to boys who achieve 79.6% in achieving 5+ A*-C grades. Bibliography Department of Education, (2014, February 14th). Statistic – national statistics GCSE and equivalent attainment by pupil characteristics. Gov.uk. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gcse-and-equivalent-attainment-by-pupil-characteristics-2012-to-2013. Retrieved 23rd February 2014 Haralambos, M., Richardson, J., Taylor, P., Yeo, A. (2010). Sociology in focus (2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. History learning site. (n.d). Social class and achievement. Available: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/social_class_achievement.htm. Retrieved 23rd February 2014 History learning site. (n.d). Pierre Bourdieu. Available: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/pierre_bourdieu.htm. Retrieved 23rd February 2014 Shepard, J. (2010, December 7th). Social class has more effect on children than good parenting, study finds. The guardian. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/dec/07/social-class-parenting-study. Retrieved 23rd February 2014